1.4. Inmersión al modo interactivo¶

>>> help
Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object.
>>> help()

Welcome to Python 3.7's help utility!

If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
the tutorial on the Internet at https://docs.python.org/3.7/tutorial/.

Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
Python programs and using Python modules.  To quit this help utility and
return to the interpreter, just type "quit".

To get a list of available modules, keywords, symbols, or topics, type
"modules", "keywords", "symbols", or "topics".  Each module also comes
with a one-line summary of what it does; to list the modules whose name
or summary contain a given string such as "spam", type "modules spam".

help>

help> modules

Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules...

Crypto              brain_namedtuple_enum imaplib             regex
HtmlTagNames        brain_nose          imghdr              reportbug
HtmlVoidElements    brain_numpy         imp                 reprlib
OpenSSL             brain_pkg_resources importlib           requests
PIL                 brain_pytest        importlib_metadata  resource
PyQt5               brain_qt            importlib_resources restructuredtext_lint
__future__          brain_re            inspect             rlcompleter
_abc                brain_six           invoke              roman
_ast                brain_ssl           io                  rstcheck
_asyncio            brain_subprocess    ipaddress           runpy
_bisect             brain_threading     ipython_genutils    safety
_blake2             brain_typing        isort               sarge
_bootlocale         brain_uuid          iteration_utilities sched
_bz2                brlapi              itertools           scour
_cffi_backend       bs4                 itsdangerous        scspell
_codecs             builtins            jinja2              secrets
_codecs_cn          bz2                 jinja2_ansible_filters secretstorage
_codecs_hk          cProfile            joblib              select
_codecs_iso2022     cairo               jsbeautifier        selectors
_codecs_jp          calendar            json                setuptools
_codecs_kr          caribou             jsonschema          shelve
_codecs_tw          certifi             jupyter             shlex
_collections        cfgv                jupyter_core        shutil
_collections_abc    cgi                 kazam               signal
_compat_pickle      cgitb               keyring             simplejson
_compression        chardet             keyword             sip
_contextvars        chunk               lazy_object_proxy   sipconfig
_crypt              clang               ldap                sipconfig_nd7
_csv                click               ldap3               site
_ctypes             cmakelint           ldapurl             sitecustomize
_ctypes_test        cmath               ldif                six
_curses             cmd                 lib2to3             slapdtest
_curses_panel       coala_utils         libfuturize         smbc
_datetime           coalib              libpasteurize       smmap
_dbm                code                linecache           smtpd
_dbus_bindings      codecs              locale              smtplib
_dbus_glib_bindings codeop              logging             sndhdr
_decimal            collections         louis               snowballstemmer
_distutils_hack     colorama            lsb_release         socket
_dummy_thread       colorlog            lxml                socketserver
_elementtree        colorsys            lzma                softwareproperties
_functools          compileall          macpath             soupsieve
_hashlib            concurrent          mailbox             speaklater
_heapq              configobj           mailcap             speechd
_imp                configparser        mako                speechd_config
_io                 contextlib          mando               spellchecker
_json               contextvars         markdown            sphinx
_ldap               copier              markups             sphinx_rtd_theme
_locale             copy                markupsafe          spwd
_lsprof             copyreg             marshal             sqlalchemy
_lzma               cpp                 math                sqlite3
_markupbase         cpplint             mccabe              sqlparse
_md5                crypt               mdx_math            sre_compile
_multibytecodec     cryptography        meld                sre_constants
_multiprocessing    cssbeautifier       mimetypes           sre_parse
_opcode             csv                 mmap                sshtunnel
_openshot           ctypes              modulefinder        ssl
_operator           cups                multiprocessing     stat
_osx_support        cupshelpers         munkres             statistics
_pickle             curl                mypy                stevedore
_posixsubprocess    curses              nacl                string
_py_abc             dataclasses         nbformat            stringprep
_pydecimal          datetime            netrc               struct
_pyio               dateutil            nis                 subprocess
_pyrsistent_version dbm                 nltk                suds
_queue              dbus                nntplib             sunau
_random             deb822              nodeenv             symbol
_sha1               debconf             ntpath              symtable
_sha256             debian              nturl2path          sys
_sha3               debian_bundle       numbers             sysconfig
_sha512             debianbts           olefile             syslog
_signal             decimal             opcode              tabnanny
_sitebuiltins       dennis              openshot            tarfile
_smbc               dependency_management openshot_qt         telnetlib
_socket             difflib             operator            tempfile
_sqlite3            dis                 optparse            template_remover
_sre                distlib             orca                termcolor
_ssl                distro              os                  termios
_stat               distro_info         ossaudiodev         test
_string             distutils           packaging           tests
_strptime           djlint              paramiko            textile
_struct             docker              parser              textwrap
_symtable           docopt              passlib             this
_sysconfigdata_m_linux_x86_64-linux-gnu doctest             past                threading
_testbuffer         docutils            pathlib             time
_testcapi           dummy_threading     pathspec            timeit
_testimportmultiple dunamai             pbr                 tkinter
_testmultiphase     editor              pdb                 token
_thread             editorconfig        pickle              tokenize
_threading_local    email               pickletools         toml
_tkinter            enchant             pip                 tomli
_tracemalloc        encodings           pipes               tqdm
_uuid               ensurepip           pipx                trace
_version            entrypoints         pkg_resources       traceback
_warnings           enum                pkgutil             tracemalloc
_weakref            eradicate           platform            traitlets
_weakrefset         errno               platformdirs        tty
_xxtestfuzz         faulthandler        plistlib            turtle
_yaml               fcntl               plumbum             typeguard
abc                 filecmp             polib               types
aifc                fileinput           poplib              typing
alabaster           filelock            posix               typing_extensions
alembic             flask               posixpath           ufw
antigravity         flask_babelex       pprint              unicodedata
appdirs             flask_compress      pre_commit          unidiff
apt                 flask_gravatar      profile             unittest
apt_inst            flask_login         prompt_toolkit      uno
apt_pkg             flask_mail          proselint           unohelper
aptsources          flask_migrate       pstats              urllib
argcomplete         flask_paranoid      psutil              urllib3
argparse            flask_principal     psycopg2            userpath
array               flask_security      pty                 uu
asn1crypto          flask_sqlalchemy    pvectorc            uuid
ast                 flask_wtf           pwd                 validate
astroid             fnmatch             py_compile          venv
asynchat            formatter           pyasn1              virtualenv
asyncio             fractions           pyasn1_modules      vobject
asyncore            ftplib              pyatspi             vulture
atexit              functools           pyclbr              warnings
attr                future              pycodestyle         wave
attrs               gc                  pycurl              wcwidth
audioop             genericpath         pydantic            weakref
autoflake           getopt              pydoc               webbrowser
autopep8            getpass             pydoc_data          webencodings
babel               gettext             pydocstyle          websocket
backports           gi                  pyexpat             werkzeug
bandit              git                 pyflakes            wheel
base64              gitdb               pygls               wrapt
bcrypt              glob                pygments            wsgiref
bdb                 gnomemusic          pygtkcompat         wtforms
bears               gpg                 pyinotify           xdg
binascii            grp                 pylint              xdrlib
binhex              gtweak              pyparsing           xml
bisect              guess_language      pyprint             xmlrpc
blinker             gzip                pyroma              xxlimited
brain_attrs         hashlib             pyrsistent          xxsubtype
brain_builtin_inference heapq               pysimplesoap        yaml
brain_collections   hmac                pytz                yamlinclude
brain_curses        html                qrcode              yamllint
brain_dateutil      html5lib            questionary         yapf
brain_fstrings      html_linter         queue               yapftests
brain_functools     http                quopri              zipapp
brain_gi            httpie              radon               zipfile
brain_hashlib       httplib2            random              zipimport
brain_io            identify            re                  zipp
brain_mechanize     idna                readline            zlib
brain_multiprocessing imagesize           redshift_gtk        zmq

Enter any module name to get more help.  Or, type "modules spam" to search
for modules whose name or summary contain the string "spam".

help> os
Help on module os:

NAME
    os - OS routines for NT or Posix depending on what system we're on.

MODULE REFERENCE
    https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/os

    The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
    source files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
    are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
    implementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
    location listed above.

DESCRIPTION
    This exports:
      - all functions from posix or nt, e.g. unlink, stat, etc.
      - os.path is either posixpath or ntpath
      - os.name is either 'posix' or 'nt'
      - os.curdir is a string representing the current directory (always '.')
      - os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory (always '..')
      - os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or '\\')
      - os.extsep is the extension separator (always '.')
      - os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/')
      - os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc
      - os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n')
      - os.defpath is the default search path for executables
      - os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.)

    Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being
    portable between different platforms.  Of course, they must then
    only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink
    and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path
    (e.g., split and join).
:

>>> import os
>>>

>>> dir(os)
['CLD_CONTINUED', 'CLD_DUMPED', 'CLD_EXITED', 'CLD_TRAPPED', 'DirEntry',
'EX_CANTCREAT', 'EX_CONFIG', 'EX_DATAERR', 'EX_IOERR', 'EX_NOHOST',
'EX_NOINPUT', 'EX_NOPERM', 'EX_NOUSER', 'EX_OK', 'EX_OSERR', 'EX_OSFILE',
'EX_PROTOCOL', 'EX_SOFTWARE', 'EX_TEMPFAIL', 'EX_UNAVAILABLE', 'EX_USAGE',
'F_LOCK', 'F_OK', 'F_TEST', 'F_TLOCK', 'F_ULOCK', 'GRND_NONBLOCK',
'GRND_RANDOM', 'MutableMapping', 'NGROUPS_MAX', 'O_ACCMODE', 'O_APPEND',
'O_ASYNC', 'O_CLOEXEC', 'O_CREAT', 'O_DIRECT', 'O_DIRECTORY', 'O_DSYNC',
'O_EXCL', 'O_LARGEFILE', 'O_NDELAY', 'O_NOATIME', 'O_NOCTTY', 'O_NOFOLLOW',
'O_NONBLOCK', 'O_PATH', 'O_RDONLY', 'O_RDWR', 'O_RSYNC', 'O_SYNC',
'O_TMPFILE', 'O_TRUNC', 'O_WRONLY', 'POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED', 'POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE',
'POSIX_FADV_NORMAL', 'POSIX_FADV_RANDOM', 'POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL',
'POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED', 'PRIO_PGRP', 'PRIO_PROCESS', 'PRIO_USER', 'P_ALL',
'P_NOWAIT', 'P_NOWAITO', 'P_PGID', 'P_PID', 'P_WAIT', 'PathLike', 'RTLD_DEEPBIND',
'RTLD_GLOBAL', 'RTLD_LAZY', 'RTLD_LOCAL', 'RTLD_NODELETE', 'RTLD_NOLOAD',
'RTLD_NOW', 'RWF_DSYNC', 'RWF_HIPRI', 'RWF_NOWAIT', 'RWF_SYNC', 'R_OK',
'SCHED_BATCH', 'SCHED_FIFO', 'SCHED_IDLE', 'SCHED_OTHER', 'SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK',
'SCHED_RR', 'SEEK_CUR', 'SEEK_DATA', 'SEEK_END', 'SEEK_HOLE', 'SEEK_SET',
'ST_APPEND', 'ST_MANDLOCK', 'ST_NOATIME', 'ST_NODEV', 'ST_NODIRATIME', 'ST_NOEXEC',
'ST_NOSUID', 'ST_RDONLY', 'ST_RELATIME', 'ST_SYNCHRONOUS', 'ST_WRITE', 'TMP_MAX',
'WCONTINUED', 'WCOREDUMP', 'WEXITED', 'WEXITSTATUS', 'WIFCONTINUED', 'WIFEXITED',
'WIFSIGNALED', 'WIFSTOPPED', 'WNOHANG', 'WNOWAIT', 'WSTOPPED', 'WSTOPSIG', 'WTERMSIG',
'WUNTRACED', 'W_OK', 'XATTR_CREATE', 'XATTR_REPLACE', 'XATTR_SIZE_MAX', 'X_OK',
'_Environ', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_execvpe', '_exists', '_exit',
'_fspath', '_fwalk', '_get_exports_list', '_putenv', '_spawnvef', '_unsetenv',
'_wrap_close', 'abc', 'abort', 'access', 'altsep', 'chdir', 'chmod', 'chown',
'chroot', 'close', 'closerange', 'confstr', 'confstr_names', 'cpu_count', 'ctermid',
'curdir', 'defpath', 'device_encoding', 'devnull', 'dup', 'dup2', 'environ', 'environb',
'error', 'execl', 'execle', 'execlp', 'execlpe', 'execv', 'execve', 'execvp',
'execvpe', 'extsep', 'fchdir', 'fchmod', 'fchown', 'fdatasync', 'fdopen', 'fork',
'forkpty', 'fpathconf', 'fsdecode', 'fsencode', 'fspath', 'fstat', 'fstatvfs', 'fsync',
'ftruncate', 'fwalk', 'get_blocking', 'get_exec_path', 'get_inheritable',
'get_terminal_size', 'getcwd', 'getcwdb', 'getegid', 'getenv', 'getenvb', 'geteuid',
'getgid', 'getgrouplist', 'getgroups', 'getloadavg', 'getlogin', 'getpgid', 'getpgrp',
'getpid', 'getppid', 'getpriority', 'getrandom', 'getresgid', 'getresuid', 'getsid',
'getuid', 'getxattr', 'initgroups', 'isatty', 'kill', 'killpg', 'lchown', 'linesep',
'link', 'listdir', 'listxattr', 'lockf', 'lseek', 'lstat', 'major', 'makedev', 'makedirs',
'minor', 'mkdir', 'mkfifo', 'mknod', 'name', 'nice', 'open', 'openpty', 'pardir', 'path',
'pathconf', 'pathconf_names', 'pathsep', 'pipe', 'pipe2', 'popen', 'posix_fadvise',
'posix_fallocate', 'pread', 'preadv', 'putenv', 'pwrite', 'pwritev', 'read', 'readlink',
'readv', 'register_at_fork', 'remove', 'removedirs', 'removexattr', 'rename', 'renames',
'replace', 'rmdir', 'scandir', 'sched_get_priority_max', 'sched_get_priority_min',
'sched_getaffinity', 'sched_getparam', 'sched_getscheduler', 'sched_param',
'sched_rr_get_interval', 'sched_setaffinity', 'sched_setparam', 'sched_setscheduler',
'sched_yield', 'sendfile', 'sep', 'set_blocking', 'set_inheritable', 'setegid', 'seteuid',
'setgid', 'setgroups', 'setpgid', 'setpgrp', 'setpriority', 'setregid', 'setresgid',
'setresuid', 'setreuid', 'setsid', 'setuid', 'setxattr', 'spawnl', 'spawnle', 'spawnlp',
'spawnlpe', 'spawnv', 'spawnve', 'spawnvp', 'spawnvpe', 'st', 'stat', 'stat_result',
'statvfs', 'statvfs_result', 'strerror', 'supports_bytes_environ', 'supports_dir_fd',
'supports_effective_ids', 'supports_fd', 'supports_follow_symlinks', 'symlink', 'sync',
'sys', 'sysconf', 'sysconf_names', 'system', 'tcgetpgrp', 'tcsetpgrp', 'terminal_size',
'times', 'times_result', 'truncate', 'ttyname', 'umask', 'uname', 'uname_result', 'unlink',
'unsetenv', 'urandom', 'utime', 'wait', 'wait3', 'wait4', 'waitid', 'waitid_result',
'waitpid', 'walk', 'write', 'writev']
>>>

>>> os.__file__
'/usr/lib/python3.7/os.pyc'
>>>

>>> print(os.__doc__)
OS routines for NT or Posix depending on what system we're on.

This exports:
  - all functions from posix, nt, os2, or ce, e.g. unlink, stat, etc.
  - os.path is one of the modules posixpath, or ntpath
  - os.name is 'posix', 'nt', 'os2', 'ce' or 'riscos'
  - os.curdir is a string representing the current directory ('.' or ':')
  - os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory ('..' or '::')
  - os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or ':' or '\\')
  - os.extsep is the extension separator ('.' or '/')
  - os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/')
  - os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc
  - os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n')
  - os.defpath is the default search path for executables
  - os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.)

Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being
portable between different platforms.  Of course, they must then
only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink
and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path
(e.g., split and join).
>>>

>>> exit()

In [1]: help(dir)
Help on built-in function dir in module __builtin__:

dir(...)
    dir([object]) -> list of strings

    If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.
    Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
    of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.
    If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise
    the default dir() logic is used and returns:
    for a module object: the module's attributes.
    for a class object:  its attributes, and recursively the attributes
    of its bases.
    for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and
    recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.

In [2]: import os

In [2]: os?
Type:        module
String form: <module 'os' from '/usr/lib/python3.7/os.py'>
File:        /usr/lib/python3.7/os.py
Docstring:
OS routines for NT or Posix depending on what system we're on.

This exports:
  - all functions from posix or nt, e.g. unlink, stat, etc.
  - os.path is either posixpath or ntpath
  - os.name is either 'posix' or 'nt'
  - os.curdir is a string representing the current directory (always '.')
  - os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory (always '..')
  - os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or '\\')
  - os.extsep is the extension separator (always '.')
  - os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/')
  - os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc
  - os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n')
  - os.defpath is the default search path for executables
  - os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.)

Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being
portable between different platforms.  Of course, they must then
only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink
and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path
(e.g., split and join).

In [3]: os.__
__all__      __doc__      __name__
__builtins__ __file__     __package__
__cached__   __loader__   __spec__
<unknown>

In [4]: os.__file__
Out[4]: '/usr/lib/python3.7/os.py'

In [5]: print(os.__doc__)
OS routines for NT or Posix depending on what system we're on.

This exports:
  - all functions from posix or nt, e.g. unlink, stat, etc.
  - os.path is either posixpath or ntpath
  - os.name is either 'posix' or 'nt'
  - os.curdir is a string representing the current directory (always '.')
  - os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory (always '..')
  - os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or '\\')
  - os.extsep is the extension separator (always '.')
  - os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/')
  - os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc
  - os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n')
  - os.defpath is the default search path for executables
  - os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.)

Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being
portable between different platforms.  Of course, they must then
only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink
and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path
(e.g., split and join).

In[6]: os.__name__
Out[6]: "os"

In [7]: help(os)
Help on module os:

NAME
    os - OS routines for NT or Posix depending on what system we're on.

MODULE REFERENCE
    https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/os

    The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
    source files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
    are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
    implementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
    location listed above.

DESCRIPTION
    This exports:
      - all functions from posix or nt, e.g. unlink, stat, etc.
      - os.path is either posixpath or ntpath
      - os.name is either 'posix' or 'nt'
      - os.curdir is a string representing the current directory (always '.')
      - os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory (always '..')
      - os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or '\\')
      - os.extsep is the extension separator (always '.')
      - os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/')
      - os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc
      - os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n')
      - os.defpath is the default search path for executables
      - os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.)

    Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being
    portable between different platforms.  Of course, they must then
    only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink
    and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path
    (e.g., split and join).
:

In [8]: exit()
Do you really want to exit ([y]/n)? y